Cilt 6 Sayı 1 (2026): Elegest Elegeş
Makaleler

Doğu Türkistan’da asimilasyon politikaları: Urumçi katliamı, toplama kampları ve ülke içinde yerinden edilme

PDF (İngilizce)
  • Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Serdar ÇAKMAK
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Serdar ÇAKMAK
Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi

Yayınlanmış 30.03.2026

Anahtar Kelimeler

  • East Turkestan, China, Assimilation, Urumqi Massacre, Forced Migration
  • Doğu Türkistan, Çin, Asimilasyon, Urumçi Katliamı, Zorunlu Göç

Nasıl Atıf Yapılır

Doğu Türkistan’da asimilasyon politikaları: Urumçi katliamı, toplama kampları ve ülke içinde yerinden edilme. (2026). Elegest Elegeş, 6(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.64360/eleg.v6i1.87

Telif Hakkı (c) 2026 SERDAR ÇAKMAK (Author)

Creative Commons License

Bu çalışma Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License ile lisanslanmıştır.

Nasıl Atıf Yapılır

Doğu Türkistan’da asimilasyon politikaları: Urumçi katliamı, toplama kampları ve ülke içinde yerinden edilme. (2026). Elegest Elegeş, 6(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.64360/eleg.v6i1.87

Öz

Türklerin anayurtlarından birisi olan, yüzyıllar boyunca Türk kültürünün ve İslam inancının yayıldığı bir bölge olan Doğu Türkistan, neden 18. ve 21. yüzyıllar arasında İngiltere, Rusya ve Çin gibi büyük güçlerin cazibe merkezi oldu ve etkisi altına girdi ve hangi gelişmelere maruz kalırken bağımsızlık ve varoluş mücadelesi verdi? gibi soruların cevaplarının aranacağı bu makalede, özellikle 2000 yılından sonra Uygurlu Türklere karşı gerçekleşen katliamlar, etnik temizlik girişimleri ve soykırım çabaları incelenecektir. Ayrıca, Doğu Türkistanlı Müslüman Türklere yönelik hukuksal ihlallerin, 2009 Urumçi Katliamı ile hız kazanmaya başlayan ayrılıkçı düşüncelerin ve 2014-2025 yılları arasında Çin devletinin asimilasyon politikalarıyla geniş bir alana yayılan baskı ve zulüm sürecinin anlatılacağı bu çalışmada, çok fazla vurgulanmayan toplama kamplarından, uluslararası toplum tarafından ne tür önlemlerin alındığı ya da alınması gerektiğinden ve zorla göç ettirme neticesinde yerinden edilmiş kişilerin statüsünden bahsedilecektir. Çalışmanın son kısımlarına gelindiğinde ise, Çin’in Doğu Türkistan üzerinden kurguladığı oyunun gerekçeleri, Uygur Türklerine yapılan katliamların hangi ülkeler tarafından ne tür gerekçelerle soykırım olarak tanındığı ve üçüncü ülkelere sığınan Uygurların hangi ülkeler tarafından mülteci olarak kabul edildiği anlatılacak konular arasındadır.

PDF (İngilizce)

Referanslar

  1. Amnesty International. (2021). China: Draconian Repression of Muslims in Xinjiang Amounts to Crimes Against Humanity, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/06/china-draconian-repression-of-muslims-in-xinjiang-amounts-to-crimes-against-humanity/, Accessed: 13.02.2025.
  2. Amnesty International. (2023a). China:2023, https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/east-asia/china/report-china/, Accessed: 14.02.2025.
  3. Amnesty International. (2023b). China: Anniversary of UN’s Damning Xinjiang Report Must be ‘Wake-Up Call’ to Action, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/08/china-anniversary-of-uns-damning-xinjiang-report-must-be-wake-up-call-to-action/, Accessed: 15.02.2025.
  4. Amnesty International. (2024). “Like We were Enemies in a War”: China’s Mass Internment, Torture and Persecution of Muslims in Xinjiang, https://xinjiang.amnesty.org/, Accessed: 26.12.2024.
  5. Anadolu Ajansı. (2019). Çin Kamplarda Alıkoyduğu Kazakların Ülkeyi Terk Etmesine İzin Verecek, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/cin-kamplarda-alikoydugu-kazaklarin-ulkeyi-terk-etmesine-izin-verecek/1360683#, Accessed: 11.10.2024.
  6. Australian Strategic Policy Institute. (2020). What’s the Problem? ‘Re-education’, Forced Labour and Surveillance Beyond Xinjiang, https://www.aspi.org.au/report/uyghurs-sale, Accessed: 20.03.2025.
  7. Barthold, W. (2018). Türkistan Halklarının Tarihi. Astana Yayınları.
  8. BBC. (2009). Profile: Rebiya Kadeer is the Head of the World Uighur Congress, Which Represents the Uighur Community in Exile, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4357607.stm, Accessed: 20.02.2025.
  9. BBC. (2020). Apple and Nike Urged to Cut 'China Uighur Ties', https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53481253, Accessed: 22.10.2024.
  10. BBC. (2021). Uighurs: Western Countries Sanction China Over Rights Abuses, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56487162, Accessed: 03.03.2025.
  11. BBC. (2022). Who are the Uyghurs and Why is China Being Accused of Genocide?, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-22278037, Accessed: 03.01.2025.
  12. Bellér-Hann, I. (2008). Community Matters in Xinjiang, 1880-1949: Towards a Historical Anthropology of the Uyghur. Brill Academic Pub.
  13. Benson, L. K. (1990). The Ili Rebellion: Muslim Challenge to Chinese Authority in Xingjiang, 1944-49. M. E. Sharpe Inc.
  14. Betts, A., Weiming Jia, P., and Vicziany, M. (2019). The Cultures of Ancient Xinjiang, Western China. Crossroads of the Silk Roads.
  15. Beydulla, M. (2019). Experiences of Uyghur Migration to Turkey and the United States: Issues of Religion, Law, Society, Residence, and Citizenship. In Migration and Islamic Ethics (pp. 174-195). Brill.
  16. Blanchette, J. (2020). Xi Jinping’s Vision for Xinjiang, https://www.csis.org/analysis/xi-jinpings-vision-xinjiang, Accessed: 09.11.2024.
  17. Boute, A. (2019). Energy Security along the New Silk Road: Energy Law and Geopolitics in Central Asia (Cambridge Studies on Environment, Energy and Natural Resources Governance). Cambridge University Press.
  18. Bovingdon, G. (2004). Autonomy in Xinjiang: Han Nationalist Imperatives and Uyghur Discontent. East-West Center Washington Publications.
  19. Brainy Quotes. (2024). Confucius Quotes, https://www.brainyquote.com/authors/confucius-quotes, Accessed: 02.11.2024.
  20. Buğra, M. E. (1952). Doğu Türkistan: Tarihi, Coğrafî ve Şimdiki Durumu. Güven Basımevi.
  21. Byler, D., Franceschini, I., and Loubere, N. (2022). Xinjiang Year Zero. ANU Press.
  22. Chaudhuri, D. (2017). Xinjiang and the Chinese State: Violence in the Reform Era. Routledge India.
  23. Chong, A., and Phạm, Q. M. (Eds.). (2020). Critical Reflections on China's Belt and Road Initiative. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
  24. Clarke, M. E. (2011). Xinjiang and China's Rise in Central Asia-a History. Routledge.
  25. Clarke, M. E. (Eds.) (2022). Xinjiang Emergency: Exploring the Causes and Consequences of China’s Mass Detention of Uyghurs. Manchester University Press.
  26. Cliff, T. (2016). Oil and Water: Being Han in Xinjiang. University of Chicago Press.
  27. Cooper, J. (2008). Raphael Lemkin and the Struggle for the Genocide Convention. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  28. Council on Foreign Relations. (2022). China’s Repression of Uyghurs in Xinjiang, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-xinjiang-uyghurs-muslims-repression-genocide-human-rights, Accessed: 11.01.2025.
  29. Dillon, M. (2003). Xinjiang_ China's Muslim Far Northwest. Routledge.
  30. Dillon, M. (2014). Xinjiang and the Expansion of Chinese Communist Power: Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century. Routledge.
  31. Dillon, M. (2018). Xinjiang in the Twenty-first Century: Islam, Ethnicity and Resistance. Routledge.
  32. Escobar, P. (2020). Shadow Play: US-Russia-China in The New Great Game, 2017-2020. Asia Times.
  33. Finley, J. S., and Zang, X. (Eds.). (2015). Language, Education and Uyghur Identity in Urban Xinjiang. Abingdon: Routledge.
  34. Foreign Policy. (2018a). China’s Nightmare Homestay: In Xinjiang, Unwanted Chinese Guests Monitor Uighur Homes 24/7, https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/10/26/china-nightmare-homestay-xinjiang-uighur-monitor/, Accessed: 18.12.2024.
  35. Foreign Policy. (2018b). 48 Ways to Get Sent to a Chinese Concentration Camp: Something Terrible is Happening in Xinjiang., https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/09/13/48-ways-to-get-sent-to-a-chinese-concentration-camp/, Accessed: 17.01.2025.
  36. France 24. (2018). Central Asians Cry Out Over China's Secret Detention Camps, https://www.france24.com/en/20181218-central-asians-cry-out-over-chinas-secret-detention-camps, Accessed: 27.01.2025.
  37. Fricke, K. (2014). Analysis and Modelling of Water Supply and Demand Under Climate Change, Land Use Transformation and Socio-economic Development: The Water Resource Challenge and Adaptation Measures for Urumqi Region, Northwest China. Springer Science & Business Media.
  38. Fuller, G. E., and Starr, S. F. (2004). The Xinjiang Problem. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies.
  39. Genocide Watch. (2019). China Forces Uyghur Muslims to Eat Pork, Drink Alcohol During Lunar New Year, https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/2019/02/09/china-forces-uyghur-muslims-to-eat-pork-drink-alcohol-during-lunar-new-year, Accessed: 09.01.2025.
  40. Goff, P. (2019). “‘Become Family’: China Sends Officials to Stay with Xinjiang Minorities”, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/asia-pacific/become-family-china-sends-officials-to-stay-with-xinjiang-minorities-1.4118327, Accessed: 19.03.2025.
  41. Government of Canada. (2023a). Parliamentary Committee Notes: Use of the Term “Genocide” and the Situation in Xinjiang, https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/trnsprnc/brfng-mtrls/prlmntry-bndrs/20230629/22-en.aspx, Accessed: 23.10.2024.
  42. Government of Canada. (2023b). Question Period Note: Uyghurs, https://search.open.canada.ca/qpnotes/record/cic,IRCC%20-%202023-QP-00032, Accessed: 24.02.2025.
  43. Grose, T. (2020). Negotiating Inseparability in China: The Xinjiang Class and the Dynamics of Uyghur Identity. Hong Kong University Press.
  44. Guo, R. (2015). China's Spatial (Dis)integration: Political Economy of the Interethnic Unrest in Xinjiang. Chandos Publishing.
  45. Gülerce R., and Bayram M. N. (2023). "Ukrayna’dan Avrupa'ya Kitlesel Göç Hareketlerinde AB’nin Sığınma Politikalarının İnsan Hakları Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi", Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, Sayı 9, ss. 77-104.
  46. Hasanli, J. (2021). Soviet Policy in Xinjiang: Stalin and the National Movement in Eastern Turkistan, Lexington Books.
  47. Hayes, A, and Clarke, M. (Eds.) (2015). Inside Xinjiang. Space, Place and Power in China’s Muslim Far Northwest. Routledge.
  48. Hillman, B., and Tuttle, G. (Eds.). (2016). Ethnic Conflict and Protest in Tibet and Xinjiang: Unrest in China's West. Columbia University Press.
  49. Holdstock, N. (2015). China's Forgotten People: Xinjiang, Terror and the Chinese State. I.B. Tauris & Co. Publishing.
  50. Hopkirk, P. (2006). The Great Game: On Secret Service in High Asia. John Murray Press.
  51. International Federation For Human Rights. (2022). UN Human Rights Council Voted Against Debate on Human Rights Violations in China’s Xinjiang Region, https://www.fidh.org/en/region/asia/china/china-human-rights-council-voted-against-a-debate-on-human-rights, Accessed: 22.10.2024.
  52. Jacobs, J. M. (2016). Xinjiang and the Modern Chinese State. University of Washington Press.
  53. Jingjie, Y. (2014). Xinjiang to See ‘Major Strategy Shift’: Chinese President Xi Jinping Speaks at a Central Political and Legal Work Meeting in Beijing, https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/836495.shtml, Accessed: 05.11.2024.
  54. Kara, F. (2021). Rusya’nın Orta Asya’ya (Türkistan) Yönelik Politikalarının Dönemlere Göre Değişimi. İksad Yayınevi.
  55. Ke, W. (2018). The East Turkestan Independence Movement, 1930s to 1940s. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press.
  56. Kitapçı, Z. (2004). Doğu Türkistan ve Uygur Türkleri Arasında İslâmiyet: Tanrı Dağlarının Eteklerinde Yükselen İlk Tekbir ve Ezan Sesleri. Yedikubbe Yayınları.
  57. Li, Y. (2018). China’s Assistance Program in Xinjiang: A Sociological Analysis. Lexington Books.
  58. Lonely Planet Travel Guide Chapter. (2016). Lonely Planet Xinjiang, Urumqi & Northern China. Lonely Planet Publications.
  59. Machiavelli, N. (2004). Prens. Can Yayınları.
  60. Mao, Z. (1998). Mao Zedong on Diplomacy. Foreign Languages Press.
  61. Martin, J. J. (1984). The Man Who Invented “Genocide": The Public Career and Consequences of Raphael Lemkin. Institute for Historical Review.
  62. McMillen, D. H. (1979). Chinese Communist Power and Policy in Xinjiang, 1949–1977. Westview Press.
  63. Mei, J. (2000). Copper and Bronze Metallurgy in Late Prehistoric Xinjiang: Its Cultural Context and Relationship with Neighbouring Regions. BAR Publishing.
  64. Meisner, M. (2007). Mao Zedong: A Political and Intellectual Portrait. Polity Press.
  65. Miller, T. (2017). China’s Asian Dream: Empire Building along the New Silk Road. Zed Books.
  66. Millward, J. (2021). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, Revised and Updated. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers.
  67. Millward, J. A., Shinmen, Y., Sugawara, J. (Eds.). (2010). Studies on Xinjiang Historical Sources in 17-20th Centuries. Tokyo: The Toyo Bunko.
  68. NPR. (2018). Ex-Detainee Describes Torture In China's Xinjiang Re-Education Camp, https://www.npr.org/2018/11/13/666287509/ex-detainee-describes-torture-in-chinas-xinjiang-re-education-camp, Accessed: 05.02.2025.
  69. O’Brien, D., and Brown, M. S. (2022). People, Place, Race, and Nation in Xinjiang, China. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
  70. Parliament of Canada. (2022). M-62 Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslims: 44th Parliament, 1st Session, https://www.ourcommons.ca/members/en/54157/motions/11892002, Accessed: 24.02.2025.
  71. R. A. (2011). Reflections on Chinese Policy in Xinjiang-Uighur Autonomous Region. An Eyewitness Account of 5 July 2009 and the Aftermath. Islamic Human Rights Commission.
  72. Reuters. (2009). Cambodia Tightens Economic Links with China, https://www.reuters.com/article/world/cambodia-tightens-economic-links-with-china-idUSSGE5BK02T/, Accessed: 19.02.2025.
  73. Rodríguez-Merino, P. A. (2022). Violence, Discourse, and Politics in China’s Uyghur Region: The Terroristization of Xinjiang. Routledge.
  74. Romgard, J. (2008). Questions of Ancient Human Settlements in Xinjiang and The Early Silk Road Trade, with An Overview of the Silk Road Research Institutions and Scholars in Beijing, Gansu, and Xinjiang. University of Pennsylvania Press.
  75. Samolin, W. (1964). East Turkistan to the Twelfth Century: A Brief Political Survey. Mouton.
  76. Sarıkaya, Y., Kocatepe, Ö. F. (2023). Kafkasya ve Türkistan: Çatışma ve İşbirliği. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  77. Scientific American. (2009). Did China's Nuclear Tests Kill Thousands and Doom Future Generations?, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/did-chinas-nuclear-tests/, Accessed: 28.02.2025.
  78. Starr, S. F. (2004). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland. Routledge.
  79. The Diplomat. (2015). China’s New Silk Road and Its Impact on Xinjiang, https://thediplomat.com/2015/03/chinas-new-silk-road-and-its-impact-on-xinjiang/, Accessed: 01.03.2025.
  80. The Guardian. (2019). 'Show No Mercy': Leaked Documents Reveal Details of China's Xinjiang Detentions, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/17/show-no-mercy-leaked-documents-reveal-details-of-chinas-mass-xinjiang-detentions, Accessed: 19.01.2025.
  81. The State Council: People's Republic of China. (2019). Constitution of the People's Republic of China (Section 6, Article 116), https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/lawsregulations/201911/20/content_WS5ed8856ec6d0b3f0e9499913.html, Accessed: 15.09.2024.
  82. Thornton, C. P., and Schurr, T. G. (2004). “Prehistoric ‘Europeans’ in Xinjiang?: A Case for Multiple Interpretations.” The Interplay of Past and Present, Södertörn Archaeological Studies, no. 1, 85-98.
  83. Tobin, D. (2020). Securing China's Northwest Frontier: Identity and Insecurity in Xinjiang. Cambridge University Press.
  84. Turdush, R. (2022). East Turkistan's Right to Sovereignty: Decolonization and Beyond. Rowman & Littlefield.
  85. Tyler, C. (2004). Wild Eest China: The Taming of Xinjiang. Rutgers University Press.
  86. U.S. Department of State. (2021). Determination of the Secretary of State on Atrocities in Xinjiang, https://2017-2021.state.gov/determination-of-the-secretary-of-state-on-atrocities-in-xinjiang/, Accessed: 27.10.2024.
  87. UBC (The University of British Columbia). (2013). Xinjiang Documentation Project, https://xinjiang.sppga.ubc.ca/timelines/reeducation-camps/, Accessed: 11.11.2024.
  88. UNHCR. (2009). Cambodia Deports Uyghurs to China, https://webarchive.archive.unhcr.org/20230520160627/https://www.refworld.org/docid/4b4456d5c.html, Accessed: 16.02.2025.
  89. UNHCR. (2022). OHCHR Assessment of Human Rights Concerns in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/countries/2022-08-31/22-08-31-final-assesment.pdf, Accessed: 16.03.2025.
  90. UNHCR. (2023). Children of Ethnic Kazakhs in China Beg for Help to Release Their Parents in Xinjiang, https://webarchive.archive.unhcr.org/20230520231547/https://www.refworld.org/docid/5c34a71ef.html, Accessed: 02.02.2025.
  91. United Nations. (1951). Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf, Accessed: 19.10.2024.
  92. United Nations. (2022a). China: UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Calls for Probe Into Xinjiang Rights Violations, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/11/china-un-committee-elimination-racial-discrimination-calls-probe-xinjiang, Accessed: 08.02.2025.
  93. United Nations. (2022b). China Responsible for ‘Serious Human Rights Violations’ in Xinjiang Province: UN Human Rights Report, https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/08/1125932, Accessed: 16.03.2025.
  94. Uyghur Human Rights Project. (2019). Demolishing Faith: The Destruction and Desecration of Uyghur Mosques and Shrines, https://uhrp.org/report/demolishing-faith-the-destruction-and-desecration-of-uyghur-mosques-and-shrines/, Accessed: 15.12.2024.
  95. Uyghur Times. (2024). First Uyghur Arrives in Canada Under M-62 Resettlement Program, https://uyghurtimes.com/first-uyghur-arrives-in-canada-under-m-62-resettlement-program/, Accessed: 27.02.2025.
  96. Waley-Cohen, J. (1991). Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang. 1758–1820. Yale University Press.
  97. Wang, D. D. (2003). Clouds Over Tianshan: Essays on Social Disturbance in Xinjiang in the 1940s. NIAS Press.
  98. Warikoo, K. (2016). Xinjiang: China's Northwest Frontier. London: Routledge.
  99. World Uyghur Congress. (2010). The WUC President, https://www.uyghurcongress.org/en/the-wuc-president/, Accessed: 15.11.2024.
  100. Yao, W., and Wright, L. J. (2021). The Story of Xinjiang Revealed Through Old Maps (1759-1912). Bridge.
  101. Yıldırım, K. (Ed.). (2013). Çin Kaynaklarında Türkistan Şehirleri. Ötüken Neşriyat.
  102. Zhang, S., and McGhee, D. (2014). Social Policies and Ethnic Conflict in China: Lessons from Xinjiang. Palgrave Macmillan.