Journal Elegest Elegeş started publication in 2021 under the name Turistika (ISSN: 2792-0992 ISSN: 2792-0380) Elegest Elegeş is an interdisipliner, international and peer-reviewed academic journal published twice a year. Articles written in any of the languages Turkish, English, German, French and Russian are published in our journal APA (American Psychological Association) 7th Edition reference system is used in our journal. All scientific, spelling and legal responsibilities of the articles published in the journal belong to the authors. Owner │ Sahibi Prof. Dr. Kenan GÜLLÜ, Erciyes Üniversitesi, kgullu@erciyes.edu.tr Responsible Manager │ Yazı İşleri Müdürü Prof. Dr. Kenan GÜLLÜ, Erciyes Üniversitesi, kgullu@erciyes.edu.tr
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Corporate and legal infrastructure in the Islamic finance industry
The Islamic finance industry is one of the fastest growing and most researched topics of the last fifty years. During this time, of course, the role of institutionalization in this development is great. In particular, the establishment of the institutional structure that started in the world in the 1970s led to the issue of interest-free finance being brought to the agenda in Turkey in the 1980s. Winking at an open economy with the January 24 Decisions, Turkey wanted to get a share from the foreign exchange reserves that were accumulating rapidly due to the rising oil prices in its nearby geography. In the study, the legal development of the interest-free finance industry has been revealed step by step since then. In addition, today, both the strengthening of the legal ground and the institutions that function in supervision have been transferred. In the world, it is seen that international organizations such as the Islamic Cooperation Organization (OIC) and the Islamic Development Bank (IDB) play an important role in the development of Islamic finance. In addition to these institutions, there are international institutions that pave the way for the development of the Islamic finance industry in matters such as supervision, regulation, financing and education. It is aimed to contribute to the literature by presenting all this national and international structure holistically.
Copyright (c) 2023 Dr. Özcan Kuzulu (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effects of Financial Technologies on Ecological Sustainability in Resource Efficiency Perspectiıve: Empirical Evidence from G20 Countries
Ecological concern caused by economic activities is a common problem of the whole world. In addition to human development, sustainable environment is one of the sustainable development goals. Environmental concerns have brought financial management and technology together, creating digital transformation. Rapidly expanding financial technologies (fintech) have become one of the key dynamics of sustainable development. This study focuses on analyzing the relationship between fintech and environmental degradation for 19 G20 countries from a resource efficiency perspective. To this end, quantile regression and dynamic regression models are used. MMQR, which measures marginal effects across quantiles, and the system GMM estimator, which measures dynamic effects, are used to check the robustness of the results. The results indicate that in the G20 countries, finance significantly reduces environmental deficits through the resource efficiency channel. Moreover, rapid income growth and trade in these countries increase the ecological footprint and cause. In light of these findings, the integration of G20 countries into digital transformation is seen as the key to getting rid of ecological concerns. Fintech integrated into economic progress and trade will unlock a sustainable ecology from a resource efficiency perspective with the support of green finance.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Meral Çabaş (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Grain Crisis Caused by the Russia-Ukraine War and the Role of Türkiye
With Russia's declaration of war on Ukraine in February 2022, global crises and negative effects have occurred in many areas. The crisis that poses the greatest threat among these effects can be given as the crisis in grain products. With the grain crisis that occurred, exorbitant price increases in grain products began to occur around the world and this situation reached an unstoppable dimension. With the establishment of the United Nations, various agreements and regulations have been put forward from past to present for the security and peaceful living of countries. With the agreement put forward by the UN, mediation activities are carried out between countries in disagreement, thus preventing the world from being further affected by the negativities experienced. The grain crisis that occurred worldwide as a result of the mediation activity undertaken by Türkiye in the Russia-Ukraine war was prevented with the grain corridor that was created. At this point, it can be seen that Türkiye has caught opportunities from many perspectives and has started to use these opportunities advantageously through strategic planning. Within the scope of the study, the mediation role undertaken by Türkiye in the conflict between Russia and Ukraine was examined in detail.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Öğr. Üyesi- Yüksek Lisans Öğrencisi (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Silent King: A Johari Window Reading on the Film The King’s Speech
Communication is the indispensable means of connection for human beings, who are social creatures. As ancient as the history of humanity itself, communication has appeared in diverse forms across the ages. Its essential nature for humans has allowed researchers to critically examine it. One such investigation is the Johari Window Model, developed by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham—its name derived from a combination of their first names. According to this model, an individual's scope of knowledge and perception is assessed across four areas: the open area, the blind area, the hidden area, and the unknown area. The open area comprises information and perceptions known both to the individual and to others; the hidden area encompasses what the individual knows but others do not know; the blind area refers to what others know but the individual does not; and the unknown area represents information unknown to both the individual and others. This research analyzes the 2010 British film The King’s Speech through the framework of the Johari Window Model. A qualitative research method, namely “document analysis,” was employed, and in the data collection phase, the “document review” technique was preferred. The findings obtained suggest that this analysis of the film will contribute to a deeper understanding of the concept of communication.
Copyright (c) 2025 Assoc. Prof. (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Non-refoulement and the prohibition of removal to a country where a foreigner cannot access medical treatment: an analysis of the European Court of Human Rights Judgment in Paposhvili / Belgium (Application no. 41738/10)
After World War I and II, the need to protect forcibly displaced refugees and asylum seekers led to the emergence of the principle of non-refoulement. Under human rights law, a foreign national undergoing treatment for a serious illness must not be returned to a country where they would be unable to access medical care, or where the return journey itself poses a health risk. In this context, the European Court of Human Rights’ judgment in Paposhvili v. Belgium broadened the scope of protection—not only for those facing terminal illness but also for individuals whose health would seriously deteriorate if returned. The ruling imposes on states a duty to assess the individual’s medical condition and to thoroughly examine the availability of appropriate treatment in the destination country before executing deportation. This paper examines the judgment in light of the principle of non-refoulement and the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms of foreigners.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cansu Pişkinpaşa Köklü (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Workplace bullying and cynicism: The case of the retail sector
The level of stress in the workplace affects the level of employees to meet customer needs. There are various factors that affect the stress level of employees in the retail sector. These factors include bullying and pressure-based management by managers or employers. Increasing stress level decreases the performance and motivation of the personnel towards work, and may also lead to cynical feelings towards the company. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of workplace bullying on organizational cynicism and its dimensions in the retail sector. The sample of the research consists of 472 employees and managers working in markets of various scales operating in Kayseri. The primary data needed within the scope of the research were collected with the help of a questionnaire including the Organizational Cynicism Scale and the Workplace Bullying Scale. The hypotheses of the study were tested using correlation analysis and simple linear regression analysis. At the end of the study, it was determined that there is a positive and significant relationship between workplace bullying and organizational cynicism and its dimensions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sema Babayiğit- Fevzi Karacadağ (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The importance of geographical indication products in destination promotion: The case of Develi
n today's travel and tourism industry, the creation of destination image, which has a significant impact on the perceptions of potential tourists in destination selection, holds great importance. In recent years, geographical indication products have become a notable factor in shaping destination image. Geographical indication products are valued by consumers due to their unique characteristics, quality, and reputation associated with a specific geographical region. Focusing on the potential of geographical indication products to contribute to the destination image is of paramount importance for Develi to more effectively leverage its tourism potential. This approach not only revitalizes the local economy but also enhances the region's capacity to attract more tourists. In this context, an analysis of studies related to Develi's tourism potential, destination image, and geographical indication products has been conducted to explore how Develi can contribute to the destination image through these distinctive products. This research, based on qualitative research methods, aims to provide various recommendations for strengthening Develi's destination image, drawing insights from the data obtained.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fadime Ertan (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The differentiation between generations: studies on generations x, y and z
In this study, published academic research and academic studies on intergenerational differentiation were evaluated and a systematic review approach was used to identify trends in intergenerational differentiation. The population of the study is the academic theses published by YÖK National Thesis Center in 2012-2022, and the sample of the study consists of 720 studies conducted between generations. When we look at the literature, it is seen that intergenerational studies generally examine marketing, brand and consumer groups. According to the results of the study, since different generations have different experiences and different perspectives, various ideas can be used to make more comprehensive and effective decisions when working or living together, different generations have different skills and can learn different experiences from each other when working together. It was also observed that each generation exhibits very different behaviors from the previous generation, and the reason for this is the change in behavior due to the rapid development of technology. Since different generations have different values, beliefs, expectations and ways of working, conflicts can arise when collaborating. When working together, the working environment can become more challenging as different generations use technology differently. In this context, it has been seen that intergenerational differences are an area that needs to be addressed in depth through further research. Future research on work values, job satisfaction and organizational commitment or marketing, brand and consumer research will improve the literature on the subject and in the light of existing research, it can be say that it would be useful to conduct research on Turkey-specific and cross-cultural transitions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Feyza Kıvırcı- Mustafa Öztunç (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Multinational companies are the main actors of the liberalization process of production, trade and financial flows in the international conjuncture. Multinational companies are large-scale organizations that have higher gross domestic products and annual trade volumes from many countries in terms of their organizational structure a nd have the capacity to influence governments and international organizations. The fact that multinational companies are monopolistic or oligopolistic in international markets increases their power. They can limit competition by raising the price and profit rates of the markets, making agreements with derivative companies and preventing the entry of new companies into the markets. With the globalization process, the hegemony of multinational companies has become more evident, and their ability to maintain and maintain their current position in terms of sustainability has come to the fore. Particularly, rapid changes and transformations in information technology have made it necessary to benefit more from modern management approaches in businesses. It is seen that multinational companies resort to outsourcing in order to maintain their existence smoothly and strongly in the countries in which they operate. Outsourcing enables multinational companies to save labor and time in the production of products and services by outsourcing other companies to work other than their core-core activities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hasan Göktaş (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The relationship between workplace spirituality- employees’ workplace commitment and job satisfaction: A case study in Kayseri Organized Industrial Zone, Turkey
Workplace spirituality has gained increasing attention as a significant factor influencing employees' workplace commitment and job satisfaction. This abstract explores the intricate connection between workplace spirituality, employees' commitment to their organization, and overall job satisfaction. Workplace spirituality refers to integrating spiritual principles and values into the work environment, focusing on employees' holistic well-being and personal growth. By conducting a comprehensive literature review, this abstract highlights the importance of fostering a spiritually oriented workplace to enhance employee well-being and contribute to organizational success. The findings suggest that organizations embracing workplace spirituality witness higher levels of employee commitment and job satisfaction, leading to improved retention rates and overall performance. Furthermore, the abstract discusses the role of leadership in promoting workplace spirituality and offers practical strategies for its effective implementation in modern work settings. Emphasizing the positive outcomes associated with workplace spirituality, this abstract calls for organizations to recognize its potential and consider its incorporation a vital element of their organizational culture and practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Topal Ramazan (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Reconstruction in Georgia After Cold War: Zviad Gamsakhurdia and Eduard Şevardnadze Period
Geopolitics and geostrategic preoccupation have been on the radar of great powers in Georgia. After the end of the Cold War and the reindependence of the Soviet Union after the disintegration of Georgia, the first 10 years of Georgia's independence passed a turbulent process. While this independent new state tried to solve the problems of staying in the Soviet Union, it also made revisionist actions in its foreign policy. At the same time, efforts have been made to ensure the reform of state institutions. At the Democracy Examination, Georgia was given the biggest test. In this article, the issues of internal and external politics of the leaders that Georgia brought to power after winning independence of Georgia were dealt with, and the issue was restricted to Gamsakhurdia and Shevardnadze periods.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hakkı Ceyhan (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
An Outlook on Global Tourism in the COVID- 19 Normalization Process: An Examination of Global Tourism Businesses in Fortune 1000
It has been observed that the effects of the Covid-19 process are reflected on all kinds of businesses on a global scale. Studies in the literature have sufficiently revealed the negative effects of the process on businesses. This study was carried out to determine how the mentioned effects changed in the tourism sector on a global basis during the Covid- 19 normalization process and their effects on businesses. For this purpose, global tourism businesses in the Fortune 1000 were examined by secondary data scanning by comparing the data of 2021 based on 2022 in terms of the determined sectors (food and beverage, accommodation, entertainment and transportation). In this context, 12 food and beverage, 8 accommodation, 5 entertainment and 8 transportation businesses were examined. Findings for the data show that food and beverage, accommodation, entertainment and transportation businesses have been positively affected during the Covid-19 normalization process.
Copyright (c) 2025 Büşra Şener (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Corporate identity and public relations in universities
In this study the concept of corporate identity in universities and the related role of public relations and information processing technologies in the formation of a corporate identity are expressed. The aim of the study is to put forward the concept of corporate identity in universities in terms of public relations and data processing technologies with the help of literature search. The current situation and capability of universities to use information processing technologies are tried to be defined by particularly studying the works related to the field. The fast change in the field of information processing technologies, the effects of this over public relations and, within this scope, its contribution to corporate identity while utilizing public relations form of the basis of the study.
Copyright (c) 2025 Canan Kevser (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The impact of sales promotion strategies implemented by online retailers in virtual environments on consumer purchase decision
Reaching large audiences, speed and convenience in the marketing area the factors that make online platforms very attractive. In this study, the effect of sales promotion strategies applied by online retailers in the virtual area on consumer purchasing behavior was investigated. The aim of the study is to reveal the promotion strategies adopted by e-retailers who working out their marketing activities on the online platforms. Hereby, companies have to adapt to the competitive environment with the intense, and challenging conditions. The data was collected consumers who living in Kayseri and over the 18 ages. The findings was determined that price promotions applied by online retailers in the virtual platforms are effective on consumer perceptions and purchasing decisions. Moreover, informations about the strategies that online retailers should apply for sales promotion activities has been brought to the literature.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gökçe Kalalı Yıldırım (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Transformation from Traditional Retailer to Electronic Retailer (E-Retail): An Assessment on Online Marketers
Depending on the developments in technology and especially with the development of the internet, the paradigms of doing business are radically transformed. One of the most striking changes is taking place in the retail industry. Although non-store retailing existed with applications such as catalogues, telephones and direct sales in previous periods, it has never had the current volume and speed of change. Today, the volume of e-retailing has exceeded one-fifth of the total retail volume and is advancing rapidly. This change is not only quantitative, but takes place in all concepts of retailing. While some of the factors that were very important before become unimportant, the unimportant ones become important, and some important factors maintain their importance. In this study, it was conceptually examined how the basic marketing concepts of product, place, price and promotion activities changed in terms of retailers and consumers in the transition from traditional retailing to e-retailing. In the study, Hepsiburada, which is the most established e-retailer operating in Turkey, Trendyol, which is currently the most popular, and Amazon marketplace, which is predicted to carry the leadership in the world to Turkey, are examined and compared in terms of related concepts. Within the framework of the evaluations put forward in the study, it was tried to present a foresight to the sector stakeholders by presenting a perspective on the present and the future
Copyright (c) 2025 Birol Durak (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Effects of Digital Marketing Strategies and Online Reviews on HotelPerformance: An Application in Hotel Operations Operating in Corum
In the digital age, we are in, the increasing prevalence of internet users all over the world and the rapid development of digital technologies have greatly influenced the marketing process in businesses. This process has increased the importance of digital marketing, which brings a different perspective to the traditional marketing practices used in businesses. In this context, the aim of the study is to find out whether there is a difference in hotel performance according to the digital marketing strategies and online reviews applied in tourism management certified hotel enterprises operating in Corum center and to offer useful advice to hotel enterprises operating with the inferences reached in the research. Within the scope of the research, a questionnaire was applied to all tourism management-certified hotels in the city center using the full count method, in which the number of overnight stays and digital marketing activities was measured. According to the results of the analysis, room occupancy differs depending on whether you have a digital marketing plan, whether you respond quickly to guest reviews, and whether you give personalized responses to guest reviews. Rev-Par differs depending on whether guests are encouraged to post reviews or not. However, room occupancy and Rev-Par do not differ depending on whether other digital marketing strategies are used or not.
Copyright (c) 2025 Duran Kuru- Kumru Uyar (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
ALiterature Review on Tourist Guidance and Tourist 5.0 in the Period of Smart Tourism
Today, developments in the tourism sector are closely related to technological transformations and their use. Therefore, with the rapidly developing technology, new concepts and structures are emerging, one of which is "smart tourism (tourism 4.0) and tourist 5.0". The reflections of the 3D virtual world, known as reality technologies, which have been the center of attention of the world in recent times, on the tourism sector is one of the phenomena that attracts attention. This study aims to contribute to the relationship of virtual universes opened with industry 4.0 with tourist guidance and tourist 5.0 from a semiotic point of view, and to provide a comprehensive knowledge by synthesizing the definitions, development, characteristics and examples of the concepts of smart tourism, tourist guidance in smart tourism and tourist 5.0 in the related literature aims. In this context, it is thought that the study is important in the related literature in terms of the place of tourist guidance in the tourism of the future and the concept of tourist 5.0 and to set an example for future studies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Didem Aşar (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluation of Customer Journey Touchpointsin Online Shopping: An Application in Textile and Apparel Industry
The development in digital technologies has brought about the formation of new interaction channels, consequently new touchpoints. Thus, the customer experience has become more comprehensive and versatile. During the journey, the interactions between customers and brands can be measured with customer journey maps, which are used to identify customer wants and needs, and to reveal pain and gain points on the journey. In this study, in which the data obtained with semi-structured interview form were subjected to thematic analysis, it is aimed to evaluate the customer journey touchpoints of textile and apparel sector, which is one of the most problematic sectors in terms of transferring the store experience to online platforms. Research data revealed the importance of trust and speed in online shopping platforms. In addition, it was determined that customers developed creative solutions in line with the unmet needs at some touchpoints and went beyond the designed experience. It is thought that the findings obtained are guiding both for future studies in the literature and for mapping studies of brands in the sector.
Copyright (c) 2025 Banu Demir Koçoğlu- Eyyüp Yaraş (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
An Evaluation on Homestay asaType of Community-Based Tourism
Homestay tourism has developed as an important type of tourism for many countries since 1990s. Homestay is a tourism approach that gives importance to the local people, environment and culture. To the best of author’s knowledge, there is no academic study and practice in Turkey on homestay tourism, which has been successfully carried out by different countries such as Thailand and Malaysia. The aim of this study is to make evaluation and suggestions by reviewing the studies in international literature on homestay tourism.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sezer Karasakal (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Model Proposal for Occupational Safety and Healthfor Tourism Enterprises
This research aims to create a model in order to best determine the causes and types of occupational accidents and occupational diseases in the tourism industry. The model, which was prepared based on previous studies, was built on the framework of unsafe behavior and unsafe environment. Thanks to the model, which is planned to be a guide for OSH studies to be carried out on employees in various fields of the tourism industry, on the one hand, it will be possible to distinguish more accurately and reveal the causes of work accidents and occupational diseases, on the other hand, whether the measures to be taken will be aimed at correcting the employee's behavior or regulating the working environment can be determined.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gülşah Akkuş (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Impact of the New Public Administration Approach on Public Institutions and the Model of the Public Business Management
The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of the new public administration approach on public institution by tackling its public operation and outsourcing aspects. The traditional public administration approach that is organized in accordance with the bureaucracy model of Max Weber covering detailed rules, based on rough hierarchy, centralist and being stylistic has been criticized. From this perspective, the traditional public administration is slow and bulky in service provision and its features of being reluctant to take responsibility and extremely disciplined and controlled turn out to be functionless. With the effect of the economic and technological developments that come into being as something cyclical, the new public administration approach has become the dominant paradigm. The new public administration approach has paved the way for the allocation of the model of public business administration and the techniques of the administration and techniques of an organization in public institutions. Outsourcing in public institutions which is an application of a modern administration that is frequently used in organizations has started to be put into practice in public institutions as well.
The New Business Administration in Public
Application of Personality Analysis for Brands in the Automotive Industry: Investigation of Aaker's Dimensions of Brand Personality
Personality analysis research is widely carried out under the department of business, especially organizational behavior and marketing. Personality analysis can be made with personal characteristics, emotional expressions, as well as through the impressions reflected by colors. In this study, the colors of a brand logo in the automotive industry and the brand personality of the colors were determined and their effects on brand perception were investigated. The aim of the study is to reveal the brand personalities of potential customers by determining their perceptions of the colors in the brand logos in the automotive industry. Thus, companies can conduct studies to change the consumer perception of unexpected results; identify a suitable brand personality. The data were collected from the customers of the three big shopping malls in Adana. Descriptive analysis was used in the analysis. The findings showed that brand perception is affected by the color of the brand logo; it is a guide for brands in their design process. In addition, information about the brand personality reflected by individual colors about the automotive sector has been brought into the literature.
Copyright (c) 2025 S. Ece Yılmaz- Yalçın Köklü- Onur Çelik (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Where is Luxury Tourism Headed? A Conceptual Evaluation
The ever-growing demand for luxury travel, depending on the development of global economies, is a niche market on its own in international tourism. For this reason, countries, tourism regions and businesses are in a race in the design of products or services to meet the demand for luxury tourism. However, tourists who demand luxury tourism show some differences compared to other masses. In this context, research; It is designed to showcase current developments in the luxury tourism industry and explore what the market is waiting for. In the study, which adopted a qualitative approach, the document analysis technique was used. Scientific data has been obtained from academic studies, company documents, journals and declarations of various tourism organizations. The results revealed that many different types of luxury tourism experience have developed, as well as that tourists who demand luxury tourism care about their unique individual experiences. Suggestions made depending on the inferences were presented to the reader's information while the research was concluded.
Copyright (c) 2025 Burak Atasoy (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Cultural Intelligence and Organizational Intelligence: A Comparative Study
In 1920, together with Thorndike, he argued that it wouldn’t be correct to explain intelligence only cognitively and that different factors could be explained by different types of intelligence. The understanding of intelligence began diversifing with social intelligence, thanks to Thorndike, the discovery of man reached different dimensions. One type of intelligence in question is cultural intelligence and organizational intelligence. The ability to adopt different cultures and manage both oneself and the individual and society is explained by the high level of cultural intelligence. Organizations wanting gain competitive power in the globalizing world also develop their own policies and create a perception of organizational common intelligence. In this study, it’s aimed revealing the relationship between the use of cultural intelligence of employees serving and organizational intelligence in their organizations. In addition, the fact that no study has been found in the literature on these two issues makes the study important.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yavuz Sezer Oğuzhan- Ayşe Nihan Arıbaş (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Human Resources Management in Tourism The Case of Azerbaijan
In the Azerbaijani economy, the human resource management system is an important component that determines the success of the operations of businesses in the hospitality and tourism industry. At the same time, management approaches may vary depending on the size, organizational and legal forms of tourism industry. The aim of the article is to examine the process of creating effective human resources management in hospitality industry enterprises and to develop suggestions for its improvement. In order to achieve this aim, the following objectives have been determined; consider the theoretical and methodological foundations of the human resource management system; To describe the features and problems of the development of human resources in Azerbaijan tourism; provide a balanced scorecard for the motivation system and improvement aspects of human resources; formulate recommendations and recommendations to improve training and human resource development. The theoretical and methodological basis of the work was the work of Azerbaijani and foreign scientists in the field of theory and practice of human resource management.
Copyright (c) 2025 A. Fatif Akcan- Zeynab Khamayeva (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Importance of Public Investments in Regional Development: The Case of Ağrı
In this study, the effects of public investments on regional development and public investments made in Agri province were examined by making a general evaluation of interregional development differences. The existence of economic development differences between developed regions and underdeveloped regions directly or indirectly damages the national economy. In this respect, one of the most important tools used to increase the economic vitality of the underdeveloped regions of the country is public expenditures. In addition, incentives provided by the state in order to attract private sector investments to the region are also important at this point. The province of Agri, which is located in the least developed region of our country, is one of the most underdeveloped provinces of Turkey in terms of socioeconomics. The fact that the city has many disadvantages causes its economic level to lag behind. It is seen that the economic problems in Agri cause many cultural and sociological problems. In this framework, the period between 2000 and 2020 of public investments in Agri province was examined and the effects of the expenditures on the socioeconomic development level of the city were emphasized.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hasan Arpaç- Nazife Özge Beşer (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
An overview of global tourism in the Covid-19 process: a sectoral review of global tourism businesses in Fortune 1000
The study aimed to examine multinational tourism businesses (accommodation, food and beverage and entertainment) in the Fortune 1000 using up-to-date statistical data. The research is important in that it provides an overall statistical perspective on the current situation of multinational accommodation, food and beverage and entertainment businesses. In this context, 8 accommodations, 11 food and beverages and 5 entertainment businesses were included in the research. A qualitative approach and document review method were adopted in the research. The research data is compiled from the statistics for 2021 on the Fortune WEB Site. When the research findings were examined, it was observed that the vast majority of accommodation, food and beverage and entertainment businesses in the top 1000 business lists were affected by the transformations in social activities and changes in consumption preferences, especially recently with the Covid 19 pandemic, and their revenues decreased. In this case, it has caused businesses on the Fortune 1000 list to lose their position.
Copyright (c) 2025 Üzeyir Emrah İlter- Yasin Bulut (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Theorical backgroung of demographic variables in marketing research
When the academic studies in marketing science are analyzed, it is seen that the analysis of the demographic characteristics of the selected sample groups plays an important role in both descriptive data and testing of hypotheses. Demographic characteristics of consumers in the marketing decision-making process are especially emphasized in most studies. However, it can be said that the explanations about why these differences are expected and how they occur are insufficient. In fact, it is seen that the fact that researchers' views in front of the related field literature in the demographic characteristics grouping leads to different groupings. However, for marketing, which makes frequent use of other disciplines, editing demographic data according to the relevant literature will increase the reliability and validity of the studies and facilitate the interpretation. The aim of this study is to determine the theoretical framework that can form the theoretical background of the expected differences or indifference in the hypothesis tests conducted according to gender, age, education level, income and occupation of consumers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alperen Timuçin Sönmez (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Political systems of the USSR and the Russian Federation
Although there were different political systems specific to the periods, the USSR had a one-party system based on the ideology of totalitarian socialism. There are basically five periods: the era of Lenin, a one-party democratic system where different views within the party were discussed, the authoritarian and oppressive Stalin era, based on the ideology of "Stalinism", the cult of personality and the understanding of "Stalin and the Party make no mistakes", the era of Khrushchev where personality cult, oppression,terror and disintegration were experienced, the period of Brezhnev stagnation, the period of Perestroika that started in the Andropov period and continued in the Gorbachev period and ended with the collapse of the USSR. The Russian Federation, based on a secular, multi-party, presidential system, which was established with the collapse of the USSR and the name change of the RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) which was a part of it. There are two periods: Yeltsin period, when liberal-democracy was tried and oligarchy was formed, and it still continues. Putin era, which represents the centralist, authoritarian, oligarchic, controlled democratic system in progress.
the political system of the Russian Federation
Copyright (c) 2025 Rafael Gurbanov (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The expansion process of the shanghai cooperation organization and its effects on regional balances
Although the last century led to the creation of a unipolar world order, it has been observed that the ongoing global activity areas have changed with the new century. The Western nations that ruled the world faced the formation of new power blocks in the east and found their old sovereignty undermined. At this point, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, which was born as a joint venture of Russia and China, leads the eastern power blocks. Thanks to the political, economic and military policies it has developed since its establishment, it has become an organization where the demands for membership have increased. Among its members, the world's economic giants China and India, Russia, whose political authority has been accepted by global circles, Pakistan, which plays a key role in the solution of the problem of terrorism, the Central Asian republics, which are a paradise of energy resources, and Iran, the important actor of the Middle East, which the West turns away from, the presence of the organization's global and regional It proves how critical it is for balances. In this study, the situation of regional balances created by the Shanghai Cooperation Organization will be analyzed with the help of its new members, thanks to the expansion policy it has maintained since its establishment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Şule Deveci (Yazar) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0